The application of interferometric gyroscopes and grating pressure sensors in urban construction of bridges, dams, oil fields, etc. Fiber optic sensors can be embedded in concrete, carbon fiber reinforced plastics, and various composite materials to test stress relaxation, construction stress, and dynamic load stress, thereby evaluating the structural performance of bridges during short-term construction and long-term operation. In the power system, it is necessary to measure parameters such as temperature and current, such as temperature detection inside the stator and rotor of high-voltage transformers and large motors. Due to the susceptibility of electrical sensors to electromagnetic interference, they cannot be used in such situations and can only use fiber optic sensors. Distributed fiber optic temperature sensor is a high-tech developed in recent years for real-time measurement of spatial temperature field distribution. The distributed fiber optic temperature sensing system not only has the advantages of universal fiber optic sensors, but also has the ability to sense the temperature distribution of various points along the fiber optic line. With this feature, we can continuously measure the temperature of various points along the fiber optic line in real time, with a positioning accuracy of meters and a measurement accuracy of 1 degree. It is very suitable for applications such as large-scale intersection temperature measurement.

Sensors are sensing devices designed based on various characteristics of materials such as biology, physics, and chemistry. There are many varieties, and in the field of measurement and control, sensors designed based on a certain principle can simultaneously measure multiple non electric quantities online. Sometimes, a non electric quantity can be detected by multiple sensors based on different principles. Therefore, there are many classification methods for sensors, which can generally be classified according to the following methods. According to the input quantity, it can be divided into sensors such as temperature, humidity, pressure, speed, displacement, etc. This classification method clearly indicates the intended use of sensors and is easy to select. However, it categorizes sensors with different principles into one category, making it difficult to identify the commonalities and differences in the conversion principles of each sensor. For example, pressure gauge T

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Platinum thermistors are designed and manufactured based on the basic principle that the resistance value of platinum wire changes with temperature. They are divided into 10 ohms (Pt10) and 100 ohms (Pt100) according to the resistance value R (℃) at 0 ℃, with a temperature measurement range of -200~850 ℃. The models that use PT100 platinum thermistor as a temperature sensing element include armored, assembled, socket, and end face thermistor. The measurable range is from -200 degrees Celsius to 150 degrees Celsius, and from -50 degrees Celsius to 850 degrees Celsius. Mainly used in industries or precision instruments that require small temperature errors.

3. In order to detect changes in input current and output DC signals that vary linearly with the input current, an auxiliary power supply is usually required as the working power supply for the current sensor. Usually, AC220V, which is easily obtainable, is commonly used. You can also choose a DC power supply, such as DC24V, etc. It should be noted that there are some current sensors that claim to not require an auxiliary power supply, known as "passive" current sensors. This type of current sensor should be carefully selected. The so-called 'passive type' does not mean that it does not require a power source, but rather that the working power is provided by the instrument behind the output signal of the current sensor. It's' eating the instrument power supply behind the sensor '. Naturally, it increases the burden on the collection instrument behind the sensor. There is also a type of 'passive current sensor' that uses the secondary current of a current transformer as the power source for the sensor. The disadvantage of this type of sensor is that when the load current is low, the output current of the current transformer is naturally small, and the energy provided to the sensor is also reduced. At this time, the current sensor will produce nonlinear errors, resulting in errors in the transmission of current signals. Therefore, this type of sensor also needs to be carefully adopted.

Error introduced by thermal inertia

Due to the thermal inertia of thermocouples, the indicated value of the instrument lags behind the changes in the measured temperature,

The temperature sensor (12) has a particularly prominent impact during rapid measurement. Therefore, it is advisable to use thinner and more protective thermoelectric electrodes as much as possible

Thermocouples with smaller tube diameters. When the temperature measurement environment permits, the protective tube can even be removed. Due to measurement lag, use a thermocouple to check

The amplitude of the measured temperature fluctuation is smaller than that of the furnace temperature fluctuation. The larger the measurement lag, the smaller the amplitude of thermocouple fluctuations, which is consistent with reality

The greater the difference in furnace temperature. When using a thermocouple with a large time constant for temperature measurement or control, although the temperature displayed by the instrument fluctuates very little

The actual furnace temperature may fluctuate greatly. In order to accurately measure temperature, a thermocouple with a small time constant should be selected. Time constant and transmission

The thermal coefficient is inversely proportional to the diameter of the thermocouple's hot end, the density of the material, and the specific heat. To reduce the time constant, in addition to increasing the conduction

Besides the thermal coefficient, an effective approach is to minimize the size of the hot end as much as possible. In use, materials with good thermal conductivity are usually used for the pipe wall

Thin and small inner diameter protective sleeve. In more precise temperature measurements, wire thermocouples without protective sleeves are used, but thermocouples are prone to

Damage should be promptly corrected and replaced.

Eddy current pressure sensor is a pressure sensor based on the eddy current effect. The eddy current effect is generated by a moving magnetic field intersecting with a metal conductor, or by a moving metal conductor intersecting perpendicularly with the magnetic field. In short, it is caused by the electromagnetic induction effect. This action generates a circulating current in the conductor, and the eddy current characteristics make eddy current detection have zero frequency response and other characteristics. Therefore, eddy current pressure sensors can be used for static force detection. Piezoresistive pressure sensor

If there is an absolute vacuum pressure, then the differential pressure is equal to the absolute pressure; If the pressure is regional atmospheric pressure, then the differential pressure is equal to the "gauge pressure". The unit of measurement for pressure is pascal (abbreviated as pa), which is equivalent to Newton per square meter. In industrial applications, there are other different units of pressure; Such as Bar, psi (pounds per square inch), atmospheric pressure, mmHg (elevation in millimeters), and cmH2O (elevation of water column in centimeters).

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